Text of the Poem | Ode to Psyche
O Goddess! hear these tuneless numbers, wrung
By sweet enforcement and remembrance dear,
And pardon that thy secrets should be sung
Even into thine own soft-conched ear:
Surely I dreamt to-day, or did I see
The winged Psyche with awaken’d eyes?
I wander’d in a forest thoughtlessly,
And, on the sudden, fainting with surprise,
Saw two fair creatures, couched side by side
In deepest grass, beneath the whisp’ring roof
Of leaves and trembled blossoms, where there ran
A brooklet, scarce espied:
Mid hush’d, cool-rooted flowers, fragrant-eyed,
Blue, silver-white, and budded Tyrian,
They lay calm-breathing, on the bedded grass;
Their arms embraced, and their pinions too;
Their lips touch’d not, but had not bade adieu,
As if disjoined by soft-handed slumber,
And ready still past kisses to outnumber
At tender eye-dawn of aurorean love:
The winged boy I knew;
But who wast thou, O happy, happy dove?
His Psyche true!
O latest born and loveliest vision far
Of all Olympus’ faded hierarchy!
Fairer than Phoebe’s sapphire-region’d star,
Or Vesper, amorous glow-worm of the sky;
Fairer than these, though temple thou hast none,
Nor altar heap’d with flowers;
Nor virgin-choir to make delicious moan
Upon the midnight hours;
No voice, no lute, no pipe, no incense sweet
From chain-swung censer teeming;
No shrine, no grove, no oracle, no heat
Of pale-mouth’d prophet dreaming.
O brightest! though too late for antique vows,
Too, too late for the fond believing lyre,
When holy were the haunted forest boughs,
Holy the air, the water, and the fire;
Yet even in these days so far retir’d
From happy pieties, thy lucent fans,
Fluttering among the faint Olympians,
I see, and sing, by my own eyes inspir’d.
So let me be thy choir, and make a moan
Upon the midnight hours;
Thy voice, thy lute, thy pipe, thy incense sweet
From swinged censer teeming;
Thy shrine, thy grove, thy oracle, thy heat
Of pale-mouth’d prophet dreaming.
Yes, I will be thy priest, and build a fane
In some untrodden region of my mind,
Where branched thoughts, new grown with pleasant pain,
Instead of pines shall murmur in the wind:
Far, far around shall those dark-cluster’d trees
Fledge the wild-ridged mountains steep by steep;
And there by zephyrs, streams, and birds, and bees,
The moss-lain Dryads shall be lull’d to sleep;
And in the midst of this wide quietness
A rosy sanctuary will I dress
With the wreath’d trellis of a working brain,
With buds, and bells, and stars without a name,
With all the gardener Fancy e’er could feign,
Who breeding flowers, will never breed the same:
And there shall be for thee all soft delight
That shadowy thought can win,
A bright torch, and a casement ope at night,
To let the warm Love in!
In this article, you will learn about introduction and summary of Ode to Psyche, meaning of the title, Greek references in the poem, structure and rhyme scheme of the poem, major themes in the poem, and different literary devices used in Ode to Psyche.
Introduction to the Poem
Ode to Psyche was written by John Keats, an English romantic poet of the Victorian era. Keats wrote this poem when he was diagnosed with tuberculosis at the age of 23. Tuberculosis was an incurable disease at that time, so he was aware that death is near. He conveys his idea of unattainable love, which is not possible in this world but might be possible in the imagination.
Title of the Poem: What Does Ode to Psyche Mean?
Ode to Psyche is a lyrical poem written by Keats using Greek references. Psyche is the name of a girl who was present in the era of Venus, a Greek goddess. Thus, the poem’s title is Psyche, considered the most beautiful lady of the goddess of mind and soul. Speaker found Psyche resting in the arms of Eros, who was the god of love, while wandering in that area.
Greek Reference of Keats’ Psyche
This story is about the love of Psyche and Cupid (son of Venus, Greek goddess). Psyche was a beautiful lady with undeniable qualities of soul and mind. Venus got jealous of her beauty, so she wanted her son to make love with Psyche by pointing one of the arrows of love with his. Coincidently, the arrow of love hits Cupid instead of Psyche, and he falls in love with her. Psyche became the goddess and became immortal when she broke her promise made with Cupid.
Form and Structure of Ode to Psyche
This poem has no proper form, and Ode to Psyche is considered the loosest form of literary work. There is no metrical scheme, an exact number of lines in each stanza, and rhyme scheme. The length of each stanza dramatically varies from the other, the first stanza contains 12 lines, and the second one is shorter with simple meanings and pentameters.
Summary of Ode to Psyche
Keats’s imaginations are always inspired because of their intensity, so it is the same with Ode to psyche. In this poem, he imagined an undeniable love between Cupid and Psyche. Speaker wrote an inspirational song for which he asked forgiveness firstly because he sang some of the secrets of Psyche. He found Psyche lying in the arms of Cupid and addresses her to listen to his feelings which he is going to sing.Speaker describes their position in lying that they were so close, but their lips were not touching each other. He praises the beauty of Psyche, who was so attractive, even Venus got jealous of her. Psyche was the only goddess who did not have any temple or priest who can serve him. Speaker offers himself to sing a song for her and become her priest, her lute, her oracle, and even her shrine.
Furthermore, he will build a temple in his mind for Psyche if she allows him. The temple with flowers, birds, streams, bells, stars and is full of nature. He will leave a window open in the temple as he did not want to hinder Psyche and Cupid’s meeting.
Themes in Ode to Psyche
This poem is romantic in nature and has various themes like sexuality and spirituality in love, sufferings of human beings, and myth.
Sexuality and spirituality in love
Real love does include not only physical desires but also spiritual needs. When lovers focus on physical beauty instead of a beautiful soul, true love dies in this contest. So Keats describes in the poem by giving the reference of Psyche when she fulfills her forbidden desire to see the face of Cupid. They lost their true love when Psyche gives preference to physical desire. Sexuality is just of this world; only spirituality of love is left when the soul leaves the body.
Sufferings of human beings
Keats did not understand the concept of suffering, which will be rewarded after death. That’s why Keats urges to see the relation between nature and erotic love. He suggests artists create something extraordinary by diminishing the concept of good or bad. An artist should be open-minded enough to create immortality by using both ideas of nature and erotic love.
Myth in Ode to Psyche
The poem is all about the imaginations of Keats. However, the story of Psyche and Cupid was fundamental in Greek history. The fantasies of Keats always fascinate everyone. He describes his feelings in the form of a song in which he reveals some secrets of Psyche.
Literary Devices Used in Ode to Psyche:
Apostrophe
The first line of the poem “O Goddess, hear these tuneless numbers, wrung” uses the literary device of Apostrophe. In this line, the Speaker directly addresses Psyche, the goddess who was not present at that time. “O latest born and loveliest vision far of all Olympus’ faded hierarchy!” in this line speaker is again directly addressing her by using words O latest born and O brightest!
Imagery
Ode to Psyche is enriched with imagery as Keats offers Psyche to build a temple. The imagery words used in this poem are streams, zephyrs, birds, bees, buds, bells, stars, etc. Of course, in imagination, you can imagine these images, but these were just the Speaker’s thoughts while singing a song for Psyche.
Symbolism
Keats uses symbolism for the idea of true love, which involves both temporal and eternal values. For example, the line “upon the midnight hours; No voice, no lute, no pipe, no incense sweet” symbolizes the loneliness of Psyche at midnight.